Kugadzirisa mabhatiri emota uye e-bhasikoro kunochengetedza mari nezviwanikwa, asi matambudziko ari kudzosera kumashure kukura kweindasitiri
Rich Benoit anowana mafoni kanenge katatu pazuva kubva kuvaridzi vekare Tesla Model S ane bhatiri rakatanga kutadza pachitoro chake chemotokari, Iyo Electrified Garage.Mabhatiri anogona kupa mazana emakiromita erenji kamwe kamwe anogona kungogara mamaira makumi mashanu pamutengo.Idzi mota kazhinji hadziuye newaranti, uye kutsiva bhatiri kunogona kuita mari inopfuura $15,000.
Kune zvakawanda zvigadzirwa, kugadzirisa isarudzo ine hupfumi pane kutsiva.Benoit, uyo anomhanyisa imwe yeashoma akazvimirira Tesla ekugadzirisa zvitoro muUS, akati mazhinji mabhatiri eTesla anogona kugadzirwa.Asi nekuda kwenguva uye kudzidziswa kunobatanidzwa, kunetseka kwekuchengetedza uye kuoma kwekugadzirisa, Benoit anoti kugadzirisa bhatiri yemotokari muchitoro chake kunogona kudhura kusvika kumadhora gumi, kupfuura vatengi vakawanda vanoda kubhadhara.Pane kudaro, vanhu vazhinji vanosarudza kutengesa kana kurasa mota dzavo dzekare vobva vatenga Tesla nyowani, akadaro.
"[Motokari] inenge yakaita sechinhu chinodyiwa ikozvino, seTV," akadaro Benoit.
Chiitiko chaBenoit chinonongedza kune dambudziko rekuti vanotanga kutora mota dzemagetsi nemagetsi micromobility zvishandiso senge e-mabhasiketi uye e-scooters zvava kutanga kutarisana: Idzi mota dzine mabhatiri mahombe, anodhura ayo haagoneke nekufamba kwenguva.Kugadzirazve mabhatiri aya kunogona kupa mabhenefiti ekuchengetedza nekuchengetedza simba uye zviwanikwa zvingazoshandiswa kugadzira mabhatiri matsva.Izvi zvinonyanya kukosha kumotokari dzemagetsi, dzine mabhatiri akakura kwazvo anofanirwa kushandiswa kwemakore kumisa kuburitsa kabhoni dhaikisaidhi inogadzirwa panguva yekugadzira kwavo.Asi motokari dzakawanda dzemagetsi uye mabhatiri emotokari yemagetsi zvakagadzirirwa kuti zvive zvakaoma kugadzirisa, uye vamwe vanogadzira vanoshingaira kurambidza tsika iyi, vachitaura nezvekuchengeteka.Dhizaini nyaya, kuchengetedza zvinodiwa uye kushomeka kwezvikamu zvinoita kuti zviome kune vashoma vakazvimiririra makanika vane basa resevhisi yemagetsi mota kana e-bhasikoro mabhatiri kuti akwanise kugadzirisa.
"Kune mabhatiri akawanda mumarara anogona kugadziriswa," anodaro Timothée Rouffignac, uyo ane kambani duku ye-e-bike yekugadzirisa mabhatiri inonzi Daurema muBrussels, Belgium.Asi “nemhaka yokuti hadzina kugadzirirwa kugadzirwa, zvakaoma kuwana mutengo wakanaka.”
Lithium-ion mabhatiri mumafoni ane "sero" rine graphite anode, simbi cathode uye mvura electrolyte inobvumira lithium ions kufamba kubva kune rimwe divi kuenda kune rimwe, kugadzira simba remagetsi.Mabhatiri ebhasikoro remagetsi anowanzo kuve nemazisero akawanda.Zvichakadaro, mabhatiri emotokari yemagetsi anogona kuva nemazana kusvika kuzviuru zvemasero ega ega, ayo anowanzo kuputirwa mu "modules" uye obva asanganiswa mumabhatiri mapaketi.Mukuwedzera kune masero uye ma modules, motokari yemagetsi uye e-bhasikoro mabhatiri anowanzobatanidza hurongwa hwekugadzirisa bhatiri iyo inotarisa hutano hwebheteri uye inodzora kutengesa uye kuburitsa mitengo.
Ese mabhatiri e-lithium-ion anoshatisa nekufamba kwenguva uye anozopedzisira achida kutsiviwa.Zvisinei, kana bhatiri rine masero ega ega uye zvimwe zvikamu, hupenyu hwayo dzimwe nguva hunogona kuwedzerwa kuburikidza nekugadzirisa, chirongwa chinosanganisira kuziva uye kutsiva masero akakuvadzwa kana ma modules, pamwe nekugadzirisa zvimwe zvinhu zvakakanganisika, zvakadai sebhatiri rekugadzirisa hurongwa.Mune zvimwe zviitiko, module imwe chete inoda kutsiviwa.Kutsiva iyi module, pane kutsiva bhatiri rese, kunoderedza kudiwa kwesimbi senge lithium, pamwe neiyo kabhoni emissions inoenderana nekugadzira inotsiva bhatiri (kana mota nyowani).Izvi zvinoita kuti kuvandudzwa kwebhatiri "kwakanakira hupfumi hwakatenderedza (sitimu inochengetedza nekushandisazve zviwanikwa)," akadaro Gavin Harper, muongorori anodzidza kuchengetedza kwebhatiri kuYunivhesiti yeBirmingham kuUK.
Kunyangwe zvisiri hazvo zvakachipa, unogona kuchengetedza mari nekuita kuti bhatiri rako rigadziriswe.Kazhinji, kugadzirisa EV bhatiri kunodhura hafu yemutengo webhatiri idzva.Cox Automotive inofungidzira kuti kubvira payakatanga kupa EV bhatiri rekugadzirisa masevhisi muna 2014, yakachengetedza anopfuura 1 gigawatt-awa yemabhatiri, inokwana simba pamusoro pe17,000 nyowani mota dzemagetsi kubva pakuraswa nguva isati yakwana.
"Pane zvikonzero zvakawanda nei kugadzirisa kuchinyanya kudhura pane kutsiva," Batsira akaudza Grist.
Asi nyanzvi dzinoti kugadzirisa mabhatiri kune njodzi uye hazvifanirwe kuitwa kumba kana nevanotanga.Kana bhatiri rikakuvadzwa panguva yekugadzirisa, rinogona kukonzera pfupi pfupi, izvo zvinogona kukonzera moto kana kuputika.Kutadza kupfeka magirovhosi akakwira akakodzera paunenge uchiedza kugadzirisa kunogona kukonzera kuvhunduka kwemagetsi.Kana iwe usingazivi zvauri kuita, "uri kutamba nemoto," akadaro John Matna, muridzi wechitoro chekugadzirisa e-bhasikoro Chattanooga Electric Bike Co. Akataura kuti mamwe mabhatiri ebhasikoro emagetsi ane "inokwana kuuraya. munhu."
Zvinobatsira kutaura kuti kugadzirisa bhatiri kunoda kudzidziswa kwakakwira-voltage, ruzivo rwemagetsi, zvekuzvidzivirira nazvo, uye "kunzwisisa kwekutanga kwekuvaka uye mashandiro anoita mabhatiri."Vaya vari kutsvaga kugadzirisa mabhatiri eEV vanodawo midziyo yekusimudza motokari kubva pasi uye kubvisa mumuviri bhatiri, iyo inogona kurema zviuru zvepaundi.
"Vashoma vanhu vanogona kana kutomboedza chimwe chinhu chakadai," akadaro Benoit.
Asi kunyange avo vane kudzidziswa kwakakodzera vanowanzoomerwa nekugadzirisa motokari yemagetsi kana e-bhasikoro mabhatiri nekuda kwekugadzirwa kwavo.Mabhatiri akawanda e-bhasikoro anouya mumabhokisi epurasitiki akasimba akaoma, kana zvisingaiti, kuvhura pasina kukuvadza zvikamu zvemukati.Mukati me-e-bhasikoro bhatiri kana yega EV bhatiri modules, maseru anowanzo namatidzwa kana kubatanidza pamwe chete, zvichiita kuti zviome kana kusakwanisa kutsiva mumwe nemumwe.Pamusoro pezvo, semushumo wa2021 kubva kuEuropean Environment Agency inoratidza, mamwe mabhatiri eEV ane software inogona kuita kuti bhatiri rivhare kana paine zviratidzo zvekukanganisa.
Vagadziri vanoti mabhatiri avo akagadzirirwa kuvandudza kuchengeteka, kusimba uye kushanda, asi izvi zvinogona kuuya nemutengo wekugadzirisa, sezvo vazhinji vanogadzira vanovhara nguva yewaranti (kazhinji makore maviri emhando huru uye e-bike brand) vanopa zvinotsiva mahara. kana nemutengo wakaderera.mabhatiri.Motokari dzemagetsi dzinogara makore masere kusvika gumi kana 100,000 mamaira).Vatsigiri vekugadzirisa, kune rumwe rutivi, vanopokana kuti modular dhizaini ine zvibatiso zvinodzoreredzwa senge zvimedu zvinobviswa kana matepi anonamira hazvireve kukanganisa kuchengetedza uye kuti mabhenefiti ekugadzirisa madhizaini anodarika mutengo.
Vezvematongerwo enyika veEurope vari kutanga kuteerera vatsigiri.Muna Nyamavhuvhu, European Union yakatora mutemo mutsva wakanangana nekuita kuti mabhatiri aenderane nenharaunda.Pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, zvinosanganisira hurongwa hunoda mabhatiri anoshandiswa mu-e-mabhasikoro uye mamwe "motokari dzakareruka" dzakadai se-e-scooters kuti dzishandiswe nenyanzvi dzakazvimiririra, kusvika kune imwe sero yesero.Indasitiri ye-e-bhasikoro yekuEurope yakapokana zvakanyanya nemutemo nekuda kwekunetsekana nezve chengetedzo, chitupa chebhatiri uye mhosva yepamutemo, uye parizvino iri kunetsekana nekutevedzera.
"Isu tichiri kutarisa kuti tingaite sei zvinodikanwa zvemitemo mitsva yebhatiri yeEU tichitevedzera mitemo yekuchengeteka uye maitiro edu emhando yepamusoro," Bosch anogadzira mabhatiri e-e-bike akaudza Grist.Bosch akacherechedza matambudziko akatarisana nevagadziri."Maitiro akapesana ari kuonekwa muUnited States," uko "mirau yakasimba uye zviyero zvepamusoro zviri kuunzwa zvemabhatiri e-bhasikoro nemasisitimu."
Asi izvo, iyo Federal Consumer Product Safety Commission nguva pfupi yadarika yakazivisa kuti iri kuongorora mirairo ye-e-mabhasiketi nemabhatiri avo.Izvo zvinouya mushure menguva pfupi yadarika ye-e-bike bhatiri moto yakakurudzirawo danho renzvimbo.New York City Council munguva pfupi yapfuura yakashandura kodhi yayo yemoto kurambidza "gungano kana kugadziriswa kwemabhatiri e-lithium-ion" kubva kumabhatiri akashandiswa kubva kune mamwe mabhatiri, ayo anogadzirisa dzimwe nguva anoita.
Guta zvakare nguva pfupi yadarika rakapasisa mutemo unoda kuti vagadziri vemotokari dzemagetsi vaone kuti mabhatiri ezvigadzirwa zvavo akasimirirwa kune UL 2271 dhizaini standard, iyo inoitirwa kuvandudza kuchengetedzwa.Mabhatiri akagadziridzwa anozadzisa izvi zvinodiwa, akadaro Ibrahim Jilani, director wepasi rose wevatengi tekinoroji weUL Solutions, kambani yepasi rose inoedza zviyero zvezvitupa zvekuchengetedza kwakasiyana-siyana zvigadzirwa zvemaindasitiri nevatengi uye zvinhu.Imwe Standard.Asi Gilani akati makambani ekugadzirisa achafanira "kuchengeta dhizaini sezvayakanga iri pamberi pekugadzirisa," kusanganisira kushandisa mabhatiri uye zvikamu zvemagetsi zvekugadzirwa kwakafanana uye muenzaniso.Zvitoro zvekugadzirisa bhatiri zvakare zvinofanirwa kuongororwa pa-saiti UL kanomwe pagore, izvo zvinovadhura mari inodarika zviuru zvishanu zvemadhora pagore, Jilani akadaro.*
Kuenzaniswa nemabhasikoro emagetsi, vagadziri vemitemo vanga vakasununguka nezvekugadzirisa mabhatiri eEV.Iko hakuna mitemo yakananga kana mirau muUnited States inogadzirisa nyaya iyi.Mitemo mitsva yebhatiri yeEU hainawo kugadzirisa kugadzirisa mabhatiri emotokari yemagetsi, asi inongokurudzira kuti vagadziri vemitemo vagadzirise mirau yemotokari yega "kuti vaone kuti mabhatiri aya anogona kubviswa, kuchinjwa uye kubviswa."
Sangano reinishuwarenzi reGerman GDV "rinotsigira" pfungwa iyi, mutauriri akaudza Grist.Muna Gumiguru, boka racho rakaburitsa mhedzisiro yeongororo yakawana kuti mota dzemagetsi dzinodhura chetatu chekugadzirisa kupfuura dzinofananidzwa nepeturu-powered mota, mhedzisiro inotsanangurwa nemutengo wakakwira wekugadzirisa kana kutsiva mabhatiri.
"Vazhinji vanogadzira mota havatenderi kugadziriswa kwebhatiri kunyangwe bhokisi rebhatiri rakakuvadzwa zvishoma," mutauriri weGDV akaudza Grist.Vagadziri vemotokari dzimwe nguva vanosarudza kutsiva bhatiri kana mota yave mutsaona umo airbag yakaiswa.Maitiro ese ari maviri "anogona kukonzera kuwedzera kwemitengo yekugadzirisa" uye pakupedzisira yakakwira inishuwarenzi, mutauri akadaro.
Mitemo mitsva pamusoro pekugadzirisa kwemabhatiri emotokari yemagetsi inouya panguva yakaoma.Cox Automotive's Inobatsira akati pane maviri panguva imwe chete maitiro eEV bhatiri dhizaini: "Mabhatiri anogona kunge ari nyore kuchengeta kana kuti haazokwanisi kuachengeta."
Mamwe mabhatiri, akadai seVolkswagen ID.4 mabhatiri, ane Lego-style modules ari nyore kubvisa uye kutsiva.Mamwe mabhatiri mapaketi, akadai seTesla 4680 bhatiri paki nyowani, haana mamodule zvachose.Pane kudaro, maseru ese anonamirwa pamwe chete uye akabatanidzwa kune bhatiri paki pachayo.Inobatsira inotsanangura dhizaini iyi se "isingagadzirike."Kana bhatiri rakakuvadzwa paki rawanikwa, bhatiri rose rinofanira kuchinjwa.
"Ichiri bhatiri rinoshandiswazve," Helps akadaro."Haugone kuzvigadzirisa."
Ichi chinyorwa chakatanga kuburitswa naGrist, sangano renhau risingabatsiri rinobata mamiriro ekunze, kururamisira uye mhinduro.
Scientific American chikamu cheSpringer Nature, muridzi kana hukama hwekutengeserana nezviuru zvezvinyorwa zvesainzi (zvizhinji zvacho zvinogona kuwanikwa pawww.springernature.com/us).Scientific American inochengetedza mutemo wakasimba wekuzvimiririra kwemupepeti wekuzivisa kufambira mberi kwesainzi kuvaverengi vedu.
Nguva yekutumira: Zvita-26-2023